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Article ID: CBB000931764

Enclave Vision: Foreign Networks in Peru and the Internationalization of El Niño Research during the 1920s (2004)

History of Meteorology
Volume: 1
Pages: 65--74

Publication Date: 2004
Edition Details: Part of a special issue: International Perspectives on the History of Meteorology: Science and Cultural Diversity
Language: English

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Science and politics Science and economics El Niño Current Scientific communities; interprofessional relations International cooperation Meteorology 20th century, early Peru Murphy, Robert Cushman

El Niño burst onto the international scientific scene soon after the next major event in 1925-1926, thanks in large part to the work of a single scientific traveler, the U.S. ornithologist and conservationist Robert Cushman Murphy (1887-1973). He happened to be in Peru studying marine birds when this event struck. Like any good environmental scientist, Murphy was not satisfied with his own limited perceptions, and he rapidly organized an observation network to investigate this noteworthy climate anomaly. For this purpose, he relied mainly on reports from resident U.S. engineers, El Niño Research during the 1920s businessmen, diplomats, and military men. His understanding of El Niño was fundamentally shaped by foreign enclaves in Peru. Science studies (especially sociology of scientific knowledge) has focused an immense amount of attention over the last couple decades on the local social environment in which scientists operate. Like the laboratory, museum, botanical garden, or scientific society, foreign enclaves provided a real geographical place in the field that influenced the construction of scientific knowledge. In this important historical case, I am not talking about the kind of sealed-off islands of exact science or colonial hygienic institutions we are used to hearing about. Rather, I am focusing on foreign economic and political enclaves involved in science, places where controlled interaction between natives and foreigners was supposed to occur, though I do not want to suggest that this interaction typically occurred on anything like an equal basis.

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Article Fleming, James R. (2004) Introduction. History of Meteorology. unapi

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