At the start of the twentieth century it was generally believed that our Galaxy constituted the entire visible universe, but by the mid-1960s astronomers had a vastly broader view of the universe's extent and history. The expanding range of astrophysical techniques and methods (especially means of determining distances and the rapidly growing use of radio astronomy), together with the redshift--distance relation and the models of an expanding universe, had produced exchanges between theory and data in studies of the large scale properties of the universe that had been unthinkable in the early years of the century. These exchanges bred an optimism among astronomers and mathematicians that they could in time chart accurately the structure and form of the universe beyond our own Galaxy, as well as discuss, and ultimately explain, the entire history of the universe, a remarkable change in outlook from a few decades earlier. Astronomers had long developed evolutionary views for the stars and planets; by the 1960s they had established them for galaxies and the universe itself.
...MoreDescription Continuation of JournalArticle; Smith, Robert W.; Beyond the Galaxy: The... (2008) [930121]
Article Smith, Robert W. (2008) Beyond the Galaxy: The Development of Extragalactic Astronomy, 1885--1965, Part 1. Journal for the History of Astronomy (p. 91).
Article Smith, Robert W. (2008) Beyond the Galaxy: The Development of Extragalactic Astronomy, 1885--1965, Part 1. Journal for the History of Astronomy (p. 91).
Book
John Johnson Jr;
(2019)
Zwicky: The Outcast Genius Who Unmasked the Universe
(/isis/citation/CBB329186395/)
Book
Richard S. Ellis;
(2022)
When Galaxies Were Born: The Quest for Cosmic Dawn
(/isis/citation/CBB346498986/)
Article
Smith, Robert W.;
(2008)
Beyond the Galaxy: The Development of Extragalactic Astronomy, 1885--1965, Part 1
(/isis/citation/CBB000930121/)
Book
Massimo Capaccioli;
(2020)
L’incanto di Urania: Venticinque secoli di esplorazione del cielo
(/isis/citation/CBB768291559/)
Thesis
Heather Stephanie Crandall;
(2018)
The Expansion of a Legacy: Astronomy's Great Debate on the Size of the Universe
(/isis/citation/CBB200504751/)
Chapter
Duerbeck, Hilmar;
Seitter, Waltraut;
(2000)
In Edwin Hubbles Schatten: Frühe Arbeiten zur Expansion des Universums
(/isis/citation/CBB000102387/)
Article
Nasim, Omar W.;
(2010)
Observation, Working Images and Procedure: The “Great Spiral” in Lord Rosse's Astronomical Record Books and Beyond
(/isis/citation/CBB001023004/)
Article
Hetherington, Norriss S.;
Brashear, Ronald S.;
(1992)
Walter S. Adams and the imposed settlement between Edwin Hubble and Adriaan van Maanen
(/isis/citation/CBB000043064/)
Article
Brashear, Ronald S.;
Hetherington, Norriss S.;
(1991)
The Hubble-van Maanen conflict over internal motions in spiral nebulae: Yet more new information on an already old topic
(/isis/citation/CBB000060426/)
Article
Helge Kragh;
(2017)
Is the Universe expanding? Fritz Zwicky and the early tired-light hypothesis
(/isis/citation/CBB261331348/)
Article
Hoskin, Michael;
(2008)
Nebulae, Star Clusters and the Milky Way: From Galileo to William Herschel
(/isis/citation/CBB000930134/)
Book
Bartusiak, Marcia;
(2009)
The Day We Found the Universe
(/isis/citation/CBB000952835/)
Article
Steinicke, W.;
(2012)
The M51 Mystery: Lord Rosse, Robinson, South and the Discovery of Spiral Structure in 1845
(/isis/citation/CBB001221499/)
Article
DeVorkin, David H.;
(2000)
Quantum Physics and the Stars (V): Physicists at Mount Wilson Prior to 1922
(/isis/citation/CBB000671369/)
Article
Sheehan, William;
(2008)
W. W. Morgan and the Discovery of the Spiral Arm of our Galaxy
(/isis/citation/CBB001034761/)
Book
Belkora, Leila;
(2003)
Minding the Heavens: The Story of Our Discovery of the Milky Way
(/isis/citation/CBB000301934/)
Book
Martin Harwit;
(2013)
In Search of the True Universe: The Tools, Shaping, and Cost of Cosmological Thought
(/isis/citation/CBB688556432/)
Book
Weintraub, David A.;
(2011)
How Old Is the Universe?
(/isis/citation/CBB001220411/)
Article
Brémond, Alain G.;
(2009)
V. M. Slipher's Discovery of the Rotation of Spiral Nebulae and the Controversy with Bertil Lindblad
(/isis/citation/CBB001034791/)
Book
Longair, Malcolm S.;
(2006)
The Cosmic Century: A History of Astrophysics and Cosmology
(/isis/citation/CBB000772096/)
Be the first to comment!