Lefkaditou, Ageliki (Author)
Stamou, George P. (Author)
Ecology, though poor in philosophical scrutiny, is full of foundational controversies. The holism-reductionism debate is one associated with ontological, methodological and epistemological premises. During the beginning of the twentieth century, ecology appeared highly holistic mainly due to Frederic Clements's organismic approach. Influential criticism gathered, however, and by the middle of the century ecology seemed divided in two conflicting camps, reductionists and holists. Yet for the majority of ecologists eclecticism was the only choice since both doctrines were a poor description of the reality they faced in the field. Thus, by the beginning of the 1980s, ecologists searched for more pluralistic approaches which seemed more adequate to deal with nature's complexity. Evolutionary geneticist and ecologist Richard Levins was one such pioneer against closed systems of thought, such as holism and reductionism, proposing instead a dialectical approach. His view served both as a salve to the fallacies committed by vulgar reductionism and as a response to the rise of systems ecology. We consider Levins's arguments as a breakthrough to a challenging heuristic, a constant reminder of the limitations faced by scientists and an homage to self-consciousness
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Holism and reductionism in biology and ecology: The mutual dependence of higher and lower level research programmes
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Joseph E. Davis;
Ana Marta Gonzalez;
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To Fix or To Heal: Patient Care, Public Health, and the Limits of Biomedicine
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Science and Socio-Religious Revolution in India: Moving the Mountains
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Kurt Jax;
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“Organismic” Positions in Early German-Speaking Ecology and Its (almost) Forgotten Dissidents
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Antoine C. Dussault;
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Neither Superorganisms nor Mere Species Aggregates: Charles Elton’s Sociological Analogies and His Moderate Holism About Ecological Communities
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Kaasch, Joachim;
Kaasch, Michael;
(2001)
Berichte zur Geschichte und Theorie der Ökologie und weitere Beiträge zur 9. Jahrestagung der DGGTB in Neuburg a.d. Donau 2000
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(2008)
“Science Cannot Stop with Science”: Maurice Blondel and the Sciences
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Nyhart, Lynn K.;
Lidgard, Scott;
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Individuals at the Center of Biology: Rudolf Leuckart's Polymorphismus der Individuen and the Ongoing Narrative of Parts and Wholes. With an Annotated Translation
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Joseph E. Davis;
(2016)
Reductionist Medicine and Its Cultural Authority
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Andersen, Hanne;
(2001)
The history of reductionism versus holistic approaches to scientific research
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Pritchard, James A.;
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Lannoo, Michael J.;
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Jax, Kurt;
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Keiner, Christine;
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The Oyster Question: Scientists, Watermen, and the Maryland Chesapeake Bay since 1880
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Skelly, David K.;
Post, David M.;
Smith, Melinda D.;
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The Art of Ecology: Writings of G. Evelyn Hutchinson
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Joseph E. Davis;
(2016)
Introduction: Holism against Reductionism
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Book
Kingsland, Sharon E.;
(2005)
The Evolution of American Ecology, 1890--2000
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Article
Smith, Mick;
(2008-9)
Suspended Animation: Radical Ecology, Sovereign Powers, and Saving the (Natural) World
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Book
Vetter, Jeremy;
(2010)
Knowing Global Environments: New Historical Perspectives in the Field Sciences
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