Most natural history illustrations published prior to about 1700 were engraved as drawn and then printed backwards. This is noticeable, however, only for some groups of organisms, such as snails and some crabs, that are not bilaterally symmetrical. The most likely hypothesis for this is that most pre-eighteenth-century engravers, artists, and authors were indifferent to whether such illustrations were presented backwards or forwards. Illustrations of snail shells were not universally printed rightway-forward until the early to mid-eighteenth century, when standards of accuracy in natural history illustration improved as a result of the combined effects of a number of changes in scientific practice, including increasing collecting, publishing, and encyclopedism.
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Thesis
Doherty, Meghan C.;
(2010)
Carving Knowledge: Printed Images, Accuracy, and the Early Royal Society of London
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Article
Rijcke, Sarah de;
(2008)
Light Tries the Expert Eye: The Introduction of Photography in Nineteenth-Century Macroscopic Neuroanatomy
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E. Charles Nelson;
(2023)
New identifications of natural history images on the “Bodleian Plate”, an early eighteenth-century engraved copperplate
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E. Charles Nelson;
(2023)
New identifications of natural history images on the “Bodleian Plate”, an early eighteenth-century engraved copperplate
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Article
Pyle, Cynthia M.;
(2000)
Art as science: Scientific illustration, 1490-1670 in drawing, woodcut and copper plate
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Article
F. Giallombardo;
T. R. van Andel;
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Book
Anna Marie Roos;
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Martin Lister and his Remarkable Daughters: The Art of Science in the Seventeenth Century
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Thesis
Kiser, April M.;
(2011)
Making True and Lively Figures: Early Modern Natural History Images and the Transformations of Nature
(/isis/citation/CBB001562726/)
Article
Acheson, Katherine;
(2009)
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(/isis/citation/CBB001032320/)
Book
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Owens, Susan;
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Alexandratos, Rea;
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Book
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Article
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Chapter
Etheridge, Kay;
(2011)
Maria Sibylla Merian: The First Ecologist?
(/isis/citation/CBB001221547/)
Book
Fairman, Elisabeth R.;
Art, Yale Center for British;
(2014)
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Article
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Article
Bleichmar, Daniela;
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The Golden Age of Botanical Art
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Chapter
Roberts, Sean;
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Tricks of the Trade: The Technical Secrets of Early Engraving
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Chapter
Hentschel, Klaus;
(2000)
Drawing, engraving, photographing, plotting, printing: Historical studies of visual representations, particularly in astronomy
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