Article ID: CBB000770149

Standardization of Biological Medicines: The First Hundred Years, 1900--2000 (2006)

unapi

The use of materials of biological origin in medicine has a long history. These materials, including tissue, organ and microbial extracts, blood and its derivatives, antibodies and hormones, share the feature that for much of the last century the ability to characterize and quantify the active substance was limited. Quantification of these substances depends on biological standardization, a discipline that was refined to a science by the Medical Research Council from the 1920s onwards, and which, with contributions from several prominent Fellows of the Royal Society, including principally Sir Henry Dale, the UK has led the world to the present date.

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Authors & Contributors
Halverson, Colin Michael Egenberger
Apell, Hans-Jürgen
Sibille Merz
Holmes, Tarquin
Schlaudt, Oliver
Valenstein, Elliot S.
Journals
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
Journal of the History of Biology
Substantia: An International Journal of the History of Chemistry
Social Studies of Science
Science, Technology and Human Values
Publishers
Temple University Press
Pickering & Chatto
Columbia University Press
Concepts
Standards and standardization
Biology
Medicine
Experimental organisms
Laboratory techniques and procedures
Nervous system
People
Dale, Henry Hallett
Loewi, Otto
Cannon, Walter Bradford
Vīrasena
Starling, Ernest Henry
Rader, Karen A.
Time Periods
20th century
21st century
20th century, early
19th century
Places
Sweden
Scandinavia; Nordic countries
Norway
Germany
India
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