Wilson, Edward O. (Author)
This article addresses several errors in the kin selection theory of William D. Hamilton formulated in 1964. One of the enduring unsettled issues of evolutionary biology is the paradox of collateral altruistic behavior--that is, when some individuals subordinate their own interests and those of their immediate offspring in order to serve the interests of a larger group beyond offspring. Hamilton expanded this perception into a general theory. He defined the property of inclusive fitness, which totals the result of all interactions, whether altruistic, neutral, or negative, throughout a group of relatives and nonrelatives. Turning to ants and other social insects, Hamilton then proposed a theory of the origin of colonies separate from (but not contrary to) the competition among colonies and solitaires conceived by Charles Darwin. Hamilton concluded, quite reasonably, that kin selection is a decisive driving or at least strongly biasing force in the origin of the advanced insect colonies. It turns out, however, that this is wrong. Hamilton made three mistakes, which have led to the vitiation of his main thesis concerning altruism and the origin of sociality.
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